Drug resistance is one of the greatest challenges of malaria control programme in Mali. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provide new and effective ways of tracking drug-resistant malaria parasites in Africa.
The diversity and the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum drug-resistance molecular markers were assessed in Dangassa and Nioro-du-Sahel in Mali, two sites with distinct malaria transmission patterns. Dangassa has an intense seasonal malaria transmission, whereas Nioro-du-Sahel has an unstable and short seasonal malaria transmission.
Up to 270 dried blood spot samples (214 in Dangassa and 56 in Nioro-du-Sahel) were collected from P. falciparum positive patients in 2016. Samples were analysed on the Agena MassARRAY® iPLEX platform. Specific codons were targeted in Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr, and Pfdhps, Pfarps10, Pfferredoxin, Pfexonuclease and Pfmdr2 genes. The Sanger’s 101-SNPs-barcode method was used to assess the genetic diversity of P. falciparum and to determine the parasite species.The Pfcrt_76T chloroquine-resistance genotype was found at a rate of 64.4% in Dangassa and 45.2% in Nioro-du-Sahel (p = 0.025).
The Pfdhfr_51I-59R-108N pyrimethamine-resistance genotype was 14.1% and 19.6%, respectively in Dangassa and Nioro-du-Sahel. Mutations in the Pfdhps_S436-A437-K540-A581-613A sulfadoxine-resistance gene was significantly more prevalent in Dangassa as compared to Nioro-du-Sahel (p = 0.035). Up to 17.8% of the isolates from Dangassa vs 7% from Nioro-du-Sahel harboured at least two codon substitutions in this haplotype. The amodiaquine-resistance Pfmdr1_N86Y mutation was identified in only three samples (two in Dangassa and one in Nioro-du-Sahel).
 Antibody) CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNCAP0345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNCAP0345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC810345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC810345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF680R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC880345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF488A conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC880345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF488A conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNCB0345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNCB0345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), Biotin conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC550345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC550345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF555 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC430345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC430345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF543 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC470345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF647 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC470345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF647 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC940345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC940345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF594 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNCP0345-250 | Biotium | 250uL | EUR 383 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), PerCP conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC040345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC040345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF405S conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC050345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF405M conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC050345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF405M conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNCR0345-250 | Biotium | 250uL | EUR 383 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), RPE conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNUB0345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 209 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNUB0345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 458 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), Concentration: 0.2mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC680345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF568 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC680345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF568 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC700345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF770 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC700345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF770 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC800345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF680 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC800345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF680 conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC400345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC400345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF640R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC610345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNC610345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), CF660R conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNCH0345-100 | Biotium | 100uL | EUR 199 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNCH0345-500 | Biotium | 500uL | EUR 544 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate, Concentration: 0.1mg/mL |
|||
CD4(EDU-2) Antibody |
|||
| BNUM0345-50 | Biotium | 50uL | EUR 395 |
|
Description: Primary antibody against CD4(EDU-2), 1mg/mL |
|||
 Giemsa stain |
|||
| GB0477 | Bio Basic | 10g | EUR 60.44 |
Giemsa stain |
|||
| 20-abx082069 | Abbexa |
|
|
Giemsa stain |
|||
| 20-abx082518 | Abbexa |
|
|
 Jenner's Stain |
|||
| GT5545-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 160 |
Jenner's Stain |
|||
| GT5545-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | EUR 81 |
 Giemsa Stain |
|||
| GT6821-100ML | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 ml | EUR 46 |
Giemsa Stain |
|||
| GT6821-250ML | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 ml | EUR 59 |
 Wright's stain |
|||
| GT7819-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 110 |
Wright's stain |
|||
| GT7819-10G | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 g | EUR 46 |
Wright's stain |
|||
| GT7819-250G | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 g | EUR 190 |
Wright's stain |
|||
| GT7819-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | EUR 58 |
 DiI Stain |
|||
| B2742-250 | Biovision | 250 mg | EUR 753 |
DiI Stain |
|||
| B2742-50 | Biovision | 50 mg | EUR 227 |
 CytoSelect EdU Competitive ELISA Kit |
|||
| CBA-5101 | Cell Biolabs | 96 assays | EUR 543 |
 Protein Stain-EZ C, Reversible Copper Stain Kit |
|||
| BSP017 | Bio Basic | 1kit, 10prep | EUR 74.36 |
 Protein Stain-EZ B, Reversible Zinc Stain Kit |
|||
| BSP019 | Bio Basic | 1kit, 10prep | EUR 74.36 |
 Protein Stain-EZG Rapid Coomassie Blue Stain Solution |
|||
| BSP041 | Bio Basic | 1KIT, 10prep | EUR 76.1 |
 Silver Stain kit |
|||
| AR0171 | BosterBio | 1 kit (for 30 assays to stain the gel of 5 X8.5) | EUR 152 |
 4CN Stain Kit |
|||
| PW024 | Bio Basic | 5Preps, 5prep | EUR 70.88 |
 TMB Stain Kit |
|||
| PW025 | Bio Basic | 5Preps, 5prep | EUR 70.88 |
 ClearSight DNA Stain |
|||
| BH40501 | Bioatlas | 1ml | EUR 103 |
|
Description: For DNA staining and vizualization. |
|||
 ClearSight RNA Stain |
|||
| BH40601 | Bioatlas | 400µl | EUR 77 |
|
Description: For DNA staining and vizualization. |
|||
 Copper Stain Kit |
|||
| CSK-1 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1 kit(s) | EUR 189 |
Copper Stain Kit |
|||
| CSK-2 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1 kit(s) | EUR 120 |
 Jenner's Stain, certified |
|||
| GT1148-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | EUR 107 |
 Giemsa stain, powder |
|||
| GT7801-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 134 |
Giemsa stain, powder |
|||
| GT7801-10G | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 g | EUR 46 |
Giemsa stain, powder |
|||
| GT7801-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | EUR 62 |
Giemsa stain, powder |
|||
| GT7801-50G | Glentham Life Sciences | 50 g | EUR 86 |
Giemsa stain, powder |
|||
| GT7801-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | EUR 42 |
 Pneumocystis Stain Kit |
|||
| PCS-1 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1 kit(s) | EUR 156 |
Pneumocystis Stain Kit |
|||
| PCS-2 | ScyTek Laboratories | 100 Slides | EUR 104 |
) Trichrome Stain (Blue) |
|||
| TGB125 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml | EUR 74 |
Trichrome Stain (Blue) |
|||
| TGB500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml | EUR 116 |
Trichrome Stain (Blue) |
|||
| TGB999 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml | EUR 143 |
 Fite's Stain Kit |
|||
| FLS-1 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml ea. | EUR 149 |
Fite's Stain Kit |
|||
| FLS-500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml ea. | EUR 295 |
 Iron Stain Kit |
|||
| IRN-1 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1 kit(s) | EUR 149 |
Iron Stain Kit |
|||
| IRN-2 | ScyTek Laboratories | 100 Slides | EUR 101 |
 GMS Stain Kit |
|||
| KAA-1 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml ea. | EUR 216 |
GMS Stain Kit |
|||
| KAA-1000 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1000 ml ea. | EUR 884 |
GMS Stain Kit |
|||
| KAA-500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml ea. | EUR 523 |
 Reticulum Stain Kit |
|||
| GRT-1 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1 kit(s) | EUR 255 |
Reticulum Stain Kit |
|||
| GRT-2 | ScyTek Laboratories | 1 kit(s) | EUR 152 |
 Gram Stain Kit |
|||
| GSK-1 | ScyTek Laboratories | 125 ml ea. | EUR 125 |
Gram Stain Kit |
|||
| GSK-2 | ScyTek Laboratories | 30 ml ea. | EUR 92 |
Gram Stain Kit |
|||
| GSK-500 | ScyTek Laboratories | 500 ml ea. | EUR 303 |
Fite's Stain Kit |
|||
| K1425-125 | Biovision | EUR 370 | |
 Geimsa Stain Kit |
|||
| K1426-30 | Biovision | EUR 289 | |
Geimsa Stain Kit |
|||
| K1426-500 | Biovision | EUR 468 | |
GMS Stain Kit |
|||
| K1427-125 | Biovision | EUR 446 | |
Gram Stain Kit |
|||
| k1428-125 | Biovision | EUR 392 | |
Gram Stain Kit |
|||
| k1428-30 | Biovision | EUR 262 | |
 Orcein Stain Kit |
|||
| K1432-125 | Biovision | EUR 501 | |
Orcein Stain Kit |
|||
| K1432-30 | Biovision | EUR 359 | |
Pneumocystis Stain Kit |
|||
| K1434-125 | Biovision | EUR 425 | |
Pneumocystis Stain Kit |
|||
| K1434-30 | Biovision | EUR 316 | |
 Steiner Stain Kit |
|||
| K1435-125 | Biovision | EUR 446 | |
 Papanicolaou Stain Kit |
|||
| K1440-30 | Biovision | EUR 207 | |
Papanicolaou Stain Kit |
|||
| K1440-500 | Biovision | EUR 278 | |
, 100 mg) EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine), 100 mg |
|||
| 10540 | Lumiprobe | 100 mg | EUR 112 |
The lumefantrine-reduced susceptibility Pfmdr1_Y184F mutation was found in 39.9% and 48.2% of samples in Dangassa and Nioro-du-Sahel, respectively. One piperaquine-resistance Exo_E415G mutation was found in Dangassa, while no artemisinin resistance genetic-background were identified. A high P. falciparum diversity was observed, but no clear genetic aggregation was found at either study sites.
Higher multiplicity of infection was observed in Dangassa with both COIL (p = 0.04) and Real McCOIL (p = 0.02) methods relative to Nioro-du-Sahel.This study reveals high prevalence of chloroquine and pyrimethamine-resistance markers as well as high codon substitution rate in the sulfadoxine-resistance gene. High genetic diversity of P. falciparum was observed. These observations suggest that the use of artemisinins is relevant in both Dangassa and Nioro-du-Sahel.